Hub 1 · Know your rights

Civil Law

Plain-English guides to the civil-law problems Indian citizens face most: property, tenancy, consumer disputes, money owed, builders and family matters.

Choose a topic

Property & Land

Mutation (dakhil kharij), partition, encroachment and title disputes.

  • Property mutation process
  • Partition of joint property
  • Removing encroachment

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Tenant & Landlord

Rent agreements, eviction and getting your security deposit back.

  • Rent agreement registration
  • Deposit not returned
  • Eviction notice rules

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Consumer Complaints

Complaints on e-Jagriti, consumer commissions and refunds.

  • Filing on e-Jagriti
  • Which commission to approach
  • Refunds for defective goods

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Money Matters

Cheque bounce under Section 138, recovery suits and legal notices.

  • Cheque bounce case process
  • Sending a legal notice
  • Recovery suits

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RERA & Builders

Complaints against builders for delay, refund and possession.

  • Filing a RERA complaint
  • Delay compensation
  • Refund with interest

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Family & Civil Matters

Succession certificates, wills, legal heir certificates and name changes.

  • Succession certificate
  • Registering a will
  • Name change by gazette

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Latest civil-law guides

General information, not legal advice. Rules, fees and timelines change and can differ by state. Always check the official source linked in this guide, and speak to a qualified professional about your specific situation. Disclaimer

What civil law covers in India

Civil law deals with disputes between private parties, such as people, families and businesses, about rights and money rather than crimes. In a civil law case the usual remedies are compensation, an order to do or stop doing something, or a declaration of your rights.

Civil law in India: plain-English guides by CIVL

Most civil law cases in India follow the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, together with the specific law for each topic, such as the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 or the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.

Common civil law problems we explain

  • Property and land: mutation, partition, sale deeds and boundary disputes.
  • Tenant and landlord: rent agreements, eviction and security deposits.
  • Consumer complaints: defective goods, poor service and online filing.
  • Money matters: cheque bounce, loan recovery and unpaid invoices.
  • RERA and builders: delayed possession and refunds.
  • Family and civil matters: succession, wills, gifts and legal heir issues.

Before you start a civil law case

  • Check the time limit. The Limitation Act, 1963 sets deadlines, often three years for money claims.
  • Try a written notice first. A clear legal notice from the Document Library often settles the matter.
  • Choose the right forum. Civil court, consumer commission, RERA authority or Rent Authority.
  • Keep your evidence. Agreements, receipts, messages and bank records.

Read the Acts on India Code. If you are unsure where your civil law problem fits, Ask CIVL.